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As with the Army equivalent and the East India Company's related award, many of the battles for which the medal was awarded had been fought so long ago that few if any claimants survived.\nIn addition, bars were awarded for many actions whose significance and size were, despite the heroism displayed by those involved, relatively minor. The result was that many of the bars were issued in tiny numbers, with some combinations all but unique, and the medals command a very high price among collectors because of this rarity and individuality. This in turn, along with the manufacture in most cases of more bars than were eventually issued, has led to the `improvement' of many common awards where recipients' names are shared with those present at `rarer' battles. The medal also shares with the Military General Service and Army of India Medals the oddity that Queen Victoria, whose portrait they bear, was not the ruler under whom the battles for which it was awarded were fought.\nSome of the smallest actions for which the NGSM was awarded were fought not from ships, but from ships' boats, combats which could on occasions be no less dangerous or destructive than ship-to-ship battles. This bar was given for two separate actions on the Elk River in Chesapeake Bay, in which landing parties from 8 Royal Navy vessels went upriver to destroy United States ships and stores; they sank five vessels in the first engagement, at Frenchtown (the night of 29 April), and on their return down the river on 3 May were fired upon by a US battery at Havre-de-Grace and therefore landed and destroyed it.\nEarly recipients of the NGSM with this clasp received one that read \"29 April Boat Service 1813\" but as a similar clasp had already been issued for a different battle the one for these engagements was rapidly revised to the version seen here, which was awarded to Lieutenant G. Bishop, of the 38-gun 5th-rate frigate HMS Statira. The presence of such a man aboard the vessel at this time is verified, and the Medals Roll confirms the award of the piece to him. Lester Watson purchased the medal from the dealer Gifford at some point before 1928; it had previously been auctioned at the London house of Glendining in January 1903."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"CM.1391-2009","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"CM.1391-2009"},{"priref":"141485","type":"priref","value":"141485"},{"type":"Watson Catalogue","value":"299"},{"type":"ordering","value":"M-0274"},{"type":"previous object number","value":"LW.0274"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141485","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141485"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Bust of Victoria facing left"}],"location":"obverse","transcription":[{"value":"VICTORIA REGINA"}],"type":"design"},{"description":[{"value":"Britannia with trident seated sideways on 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China rejected this demand, and resentment on the ground eventually came to a boil with the seizure by Chinese authorities of a Hong Kong steamer, the Arrow, which the British claimed as a breach of their rights. In retaliation British forces seized the fort of Guangzhou (Canton), with help from US naval vessels, but were driven out of the city when its people and soldiery ignored their governor's order not to resist. Reinforcements for the British were soon sent from India, although slowly because of the concurrent First War of Indian Independence (usually known as the Indian Mutiny).\nSimilar tensions and incidents led to France joining Britain in the war, and coalition forces once massed took Guangzhou in 1857, exiling the governor, Ye Mingshen, to India where he died of self-imposed starvation. An initial treaty was settled between France, Russia, the USA and Britain at Tientsin in 1858, although the Taku Forts that guard the entry to the Hai He River had had to be captured to permit this. The Chinese authority of the Chinese signatory to the Treaty was disputable, and when China refused to honour the Treaty's terms further fighting ensued.\nThe recipient of this medal, Private William Smith of the 31st Regiment, was involved in the 1858 capture of the Taku Forts which permitted the advance to Tientsin. His medal was purchased by Lester Watson at some point before 1928."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"CM.1175-2009","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"CM.1175-2009"},{"priref":"141269","type":"priref","value":"141269"},{"type":"Watson Catalogue","value":"61"},{"type":"ordering","value":"M-0058"},{"type":"previous object number","value":"LW.0058"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141269","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141269"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Bust of Victoria facing left"}],"location":"obverse","transcription":[{"value":"VICTORIA REGINA"}],"type":"design"},{"description":[{"value":"Collection of war trophies including a royal shield below palm tree"}],"location":"reverse","type":"design"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam 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In particular, numerous overseas campaigns were pursued against German colonies in Africa and the Far East. From the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) attacks were mounted on German East Africa (now Rwanda, Burundi and part of Tanzania) and Cameroon (now split between Nigeria and modern-day Cameroon), as well as fighting in the British possessions of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and on the frontiers of the Congo itself.\nThis medal was issued to participants in any of the Belgian state's campaigns in Africa during the Great War. Two issues were made, one in 1917 covering campaigns as far as 1916, and a later in 1918 which included the 1917 battles. A final bar was added in 1931.\nThe medal was issued in silver for European recipients, and bronze for Africans. This example, which is unnamed, is from the first issue and though in silvered bronze was probably awarded to a European. It is however unnamed, and the recipient cannot be identified. 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Upon their arrival with now-allied French forces what was to be a three-year war was renewed in earnest.\nIn the interval between the initial expulsion from Guanzhong and the renewal of the campaign on land, action in the war was entirely naval, and included the destruction of most of the local Chinese fleet in two battles, one of which was fought in Fatshan Creek (Foshan) in May 1857.\nThis medal is unnamed, and the recipient cannot be identified, but the bar for the battle at Foshan tells us that he was a sailor or a marine. 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Since British influence over Afghanistan competed with the Burmese kingdom of Ava and Russia, the region beyond the frontier, composed of a large number of more-or-less independent tribal statelets, was of great importance to British interests and required continual suppression by `punitive expeditions'. For the lesser ones of these the North West Frontier bar was awarded in 1869, although some expeditions were thought to merit individual bars. Later campaigns received bars of their own, and the last bar awarded for the India General Service Medal was one of these, for a campaign into Waziristan in 1894 and 1895. A party whose task was to delineate the frontier with Afghanistan had been attacked and embroiled in a fierce battle at its camp; this merited the kind of punishment that these campaigns were designed to deliver.\nSouth Waziristan was for a short time in 2006 an independent Islamic fundamentalist state declared in defiance of Pakistan, of which it had otherwise been part since 1947. As Pakistan with suspected al-Qaeda terrorists in 2006, so Britain with fundamentalist insurgents in 1894. Among the troops sent to quell the earlier revolt was Private T. Savage of the 2nd Border Regiment, whose medal this is. 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As with the Army equivalent and the East India Company's related award, many of the battles for which the medal was awarded had been fought so long ago that few if any claimants survived\nIn addition, bars were awarded for many actions whose significance and size were, despite the heroism displayed by those involved, relatively minor. The result was that many of the bars were issued in tiny numbers, with some combinations all but unique, and the medals command a very high price among collectors because of this rarity and individuality. This in turn, along with the manufacture in most cases of more bars than were eventually issued, has led to the `improvement' of many common awards where recipients' names are shared with those present at `rarer' battles. The medal also shares with the Military General Service and Army of India Medals the oddity that Queen Victoria, whose portrait they bear, was not the ruler under whom the battles for which it was awarded were fought.\nThe Battle of Algeciras Bay was brought about by a British attempt, under Admiral Sir James Saumarez, to neutralise a French squadron that, having been unable to reach blockaded Cadiz, had taken refuge in well-defended Algeciras. The combined guns of the shore forts and French and Spanish ships in the harbour drove off Saumarez's first assault and cost him a ship, but when the French squadron left port four days later with a Spanish escort, a night attack by the third-rate HMS Superb, undamaged and thus able to outpace the opposition ships, caused the loss of two Spanish first-rates each firing on the other believing her to be the Superb, which had by then made good her escape. She went on to capture a French frigate. This was the Battle of the Gut of Gibraltar.\nThis medal was awarded to Private Amos Horton, of the Royal Marines contingent aboard the 74-gun third-rate frigate HMS Audacious, although that ship did not manage to engage the enemy in the battle for which the bar was awarded. The Medals Roll confirms the issue of this bar to him. 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