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Lester Watson acquired the medal at some point before 1928."}],"exhibitions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"exhibition-2271","uid":"adlib-exhibition-2271","uuid":"605a8492-3164-31f4-a420-511eba2bdb91"},"summary_title":"Images of Empire: The British Empire on 19th century medals"}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"CM.1216-2009","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"CM.1216-2009"},{"priref":"141310","type":"priref","value":"141310"},{"type":"Watson Catalogue","value":"110"},{"type":"ordering","value":"M-0099"},{"type":"previous object number","value":"LW.0099"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141310","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141310"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Sepoy with flagstaff flying Union Jack before encampment"}],"location":"obverse","transcription":[{"value":"[This medal has been presented in commemoration of the defeat of the French armies in the Kingdom of Egypt by 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These awards were made not just to Russian servicemen, but to the soldiers, sailors and airman of British and French forces sent to assist in the fight against Bolshevism.\nThis Cross is not named, but we know from its provenance and supporting documentation that it was such an award, to 2nd Lieutenant John Mitchell, of the Royal Air Force contingent that served in South Russia in support of British forces embroiled in the unsuccessful defence of White Russia, with whose other medals Lester Watson acquired it. A list of awards from the British Military Mission from 20th August 1919 explains the circumstances in which this cross was earned:\n\n\"During the fighting near Cherny Yar on the 23-24 July (5-6 August) flying low above despite heavy gun fire they [Mitchell and others to whom awards were made] performed reconnaissances and dropped bombs on enemy troops and vessels, thus assisting our troops to occupy new positions when their right wing was outflanked by cavalry.\"\n\nSubsequent letters written in support of Mitchell's claim to the VC for an earlier exploit (for which in the end he was awarded the DFC instead) reveal that Mitchell was hospitalised with the wounds he received during this action; it was probably also for it that he was awarded his DSO.\nAlthough the catalogue of the Watson Collection considers Mitchell's awards as its Group 7, the medals of that group are not physically attached and so have been treated separately here. 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On 11 March 1858 at Lucknow, India (one of the towns which most immediately bore the brunt of the uprising and had to endure a long siege), Private Hawkes's company was engaged with a large number of the enemy near the Iron Bridge. At one stage a captain (Henry Wilmot) found himself at the end of a street with only four of his men, opposed to a considerable body of the enemy. One of the men was shot through both legs and Private Hawkes, although severely wounded, lifted him up with the help of a corporal (William Nash) and they then carried their comrade for a considerable distance, the captain firing with the men's rifles and covering the retreat of the party.\nHawkes's luck did not last; he was killed in action at Fyzabad, India on 14 August 1858. 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This latter monarch however determined upon its revival as a \"regular military order\". It was subsequently completely revised and extended by the Prince Regent George, establishing three classes, Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander and Knights Companion, to the latter two of which Civil equivalents were added in 1847 by Queen Victoria. To receive admittance into the military class of the Order an office needs to hold a rank above Major (or Commander in the Navy), and to have received a gallantry medal or been mentioned in the London Gazette.\nThis decoration is the Badge of the Order, and the details of the suspension inform us that it is as worn by Companions of the Order. It is not named, but it was awarded to Major-General Lawrence Fyler, late of the 12th Lancers, whose medal group has come entire into the Watson Collection and shows a career spent in India and the East fighting for the Crown from the 1830s to the 1850s. Fyler was admitted to the Turkish Order of the Medjidie between 1855 and 1861, and this may have been his qualification for the Order of the Bath, though his entry into it may have come later in recognition of his whole career..\nFyler's medals are not all physically attached to each other, although the catalogue of the Watson Collection considers them as Group 8, so the opportunity has been taken to treat them separately here. Nonetheless, it was as a group that Lester Watson bought them, from the London dealers Seaby, in 1929."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"CM.1503-2009","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"CM.1503-2009"},{"priref":"141600","type":"priref","value":"141600"},{"type":"Watson Catalogue","value":"35"},{"type":"ordering","value":"M-0389"},{"type":"previous object number","value":"LW.0366a"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141600","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141600"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Gold sceptre with rose, thistle and shamrock sprouting therefrom all on white enamel encircled by inscription in gilt on red enamel and gold wreathed border in green enamel, all on Maltese Cross of eight points enamelled in white with grey lining, second inscription in gilt on blue enamelled banner to lowest arm; a gold ball to each point and a gold lion passant-guardant in each angle of the cross, the 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The Massachusetts Company was formed after the emigration of a number of the HAC's members to America in the 1620s and 1630s, but relations became distant soon afterwards, and after the Anglo-American `War of 1812' were broken off completely.\nOnly in 1851, when members of the AHAC visited the Great Exhibition in London, were the two branches renewed in contact, and thereafter a slow exchange of visits began. In 1903 the London branch crossed the Atlantic to meet their American fellows, and this medal was created for the occasion.\nThis example was awarded to Sergeant Trumpeter W. J. Waterlow, a stalwart member of the HAC and its veteran association the Old Gunners' Club. It is one of three of his medals that are now in the Watson Collection; the others follow. The medals are not attached to each other so although the Watson Collection catalogue considers them as Group 5 they have been treated separately here. 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She stands amid rooftops of a shoreline city with steamship under way at sea left; Boston city arms below the ship, and below all legend \"LONDON \/ SALVE \/ BOSTON\" on banner"}],"location":"obverse","transcription":[{"value":"TO THE ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY OF MASSACHUSETTS"}],"type":"design"},{"description":[{"value":"Inscription between two companies's coats of arms"}],"location":"reverse","type":"design"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Given by Lester Watson through Cambridge in America, 2009"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-206432","uid":"adlib-agent-206432","uuid":"e0b1da8e-f9e4-30be-9257-f82c89d45afb"},"summary_title":"Watson, 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In 1815 one of His Majesty's ships there was HMS Endymion, a veteran of the Dardanelles and officially the fastest-sailing ship in the Navy. When she and her squadron caught the frigate USS President attempting to run the Navy's blockade off New York, therefore, it was Endymion alone which was able to overhaul her. The following running fight took the two ships nearly as far as the Carribean before President managed to damage Endymion's sails enough to escape. By this stage, however, President herself was much slowed, and when the rest of the British squadron managed to catch her, her captain surrendered. Exactly which of the ships had won the battle is thus something of an open question.\nBoth vessels were brought to Bermuda, and there the local population awarded Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion a silver plate for his success. He soon afterwards issued silver crooks to the officers of his ship, probably made from the silver of that same plate. The design was a play on the naming of his vessel after a shepherd of Classical legend and on his crew's bringing the American vessel to port.\nIt has often been called the Midshipman's Badge, but it seems that awards were made to all the Endymion's 24 officers. (The men of the ship had to wait until the issue of the Naval General Service Medal in 1848 for recognition of their part in the battle.) The Crooks were issued unnamed, and only some were subsequently engraved; this is not one such, and we do not know to which officer it was awarded. Lester Watson purchased the badge from the London dealers Baldwin in 1927.\nThe Museum must gratefully acknowledge the help of Dr G. W. Hawkes in determining the history of this award."}],"exhibitions":[{"@link":{"catalogue":"31","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"exhibition-1967","uid":"adlib-exhibition-1967","uuid":"6984c1c2-8fb8-37f2-bc1e-13468b4a0475"},"summary_title":"Imagery of War"}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"CM.1228-2009","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"CM.1228-2009"},{"priref":"141322","type":"priref","value":"141322"},{"type":"Watson Catalogue","value":"122"},{"type":"ordering","value":"M-0111"},{"type":"previous object number","value":"LW.0111"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141322","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141322"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Shepherd's crook with lettering raised along surface"}],"location":"obverse","transcription":[{"value":"ENDYMION"}],"type":"design"},{"description":[{"value":"Shepherd's 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In New Zealand, where the New Zealand Wars had been raging since 1840 as the Maori tribes of the islands resisted the take-over of their communal lands, this inequality provoked action on the part of the Governor-General, Sir George Bowen, who determined to issue a local equivalent to the VC. This was the New Zealand Cross, which was instituted in 1869, and in appearance is perhaps even more splendid than its British rival.\nPerhaps as much because of this aesthetic one-up-manship as any other reason, Bowen was criticised in the UK for usurping a royal prerogative, but Queen Victoria eventually ratified the award, and 23 awards were made in the period between 1869 and 1881. It was officially discontinued in 1910, when Colonial recipients were made eligible for the Victoria Cross. A new issue was instituted in 1999, but the original New Zealand Cross is thus an extremely rare medal which holds very high value for collectors.\nThis example was awarded to Trooper Antonio Rodr\u00edguez de Sardinha, of the Taranaki Mounted Volunteers. Rodriguez was Portuguese, and went out to New Zealand on SS St Michael in 1851 with his sister Rita Mary and her husband Emmanuel de Castro. He died in spring 1905. His Cross was awarded, in the words of its citation, 'for noble and daring conduct assisting and carrying wounded men from the field under fire on several occasions, notably on the 2nd October 1863 at Poutoka and on 11th March 1864 at Kaitake, upon which latter occasion he was particularly mentioned in garrison orders after the engagement.'\nThe Lester Watson Collection retains the original citation, and an MS note in the hand of Robert Day who purchased the Cross from Rodr\u00edguez's family soon after the Trooper's death. It came to form part of the Hamilton Smith Collection, in the auction of which, at the London house of Glendining, 21 July 1927, Lester Watson bought it; it was lot 982."}],"exhibitions":[{"@link":{"catalogue":"77","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"exhibition-1967","uid":"adlib-exhibition-1967","uuid":"6984c1c2-8fb8-37f2-bc1e-13468b4a0475"},"summary_title":"Imagery of War"}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"CM.1394-2009","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"CM.1394-2009"},{"priref":"141488","type":"priref","value":"141488"},{"type":"Watson Catalogue","value":"303"},{"type":"ordering","value":"M-0277"},{"type":"previous object number","value":"LW.0277"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141488","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/141488"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Central boss with inscription around in gilt laurel wreath, four-armed Maltese-style cross with gilt star in lines on each arm, 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In 1801 Sultan Zaman Shah was deposed by his younger half-brother Mahmud, but Mahmud ruled only two years before his elder brother Shujah al-Mulk deposed him in turn. The two brothers changed places again in 1809 and in 1818 one of Zaman's two brothers 'Ali Shah managed to take power, only to be deposed by the other, Ayub Shah, and killed, within the year. By 1823 he too was ousted and the country fell into a bewildering interregnum divided between Sardars of the Barakzai clan. Only in 1839, with aid from the Sikhs and British India, was the kingdom reunified under Sultan Shujah al-Mulk, whom the British escorted to Khabul and enthroned there. The country would revolt against him within two years and result in a more lasting British involvement reflected in the Watson Collection by a series of awards for fighting there.\nAlmost the first action of Shujah's short second reign was to found the Order of the Dooranie Empire (as it was then spelt), and immediately admit to it the British officers who had restored him to his throne. (For lower ranks he also issued, among others, the Ghuznee Medal.) When the first installation of the Order, which was modelled on that of Hannover with three classes, was carried out, decorations were only available for the first three recipients, but others were distributed some months after the award ceremony. Many officers seem to have had their own made, so that sizes and standards of this award can vary widely.\nThis badge is not named, but from its provenance it is clear that it was awarded to Brigadier George Warren of the European Regiment. 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It was intended to be awarded for the saving of ten lives from fire or water. This was later interpreted more broadly as an award that could be given for acts of military defence.\nDuring the collapse of Tsarist Russia in the Revolution of 1917, a Provisional Government was briefly formed to represent the interests of government against the Bolshevik factions of the new order, and then various regional governments were formed in their wake, but what came to be classed as White Russian (as opposed to Red) resistance was eventually (by the end of 1918) crystallised around the Siberian Regional Government led by the Vice-Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak.\nDespite the death of not only Tsar Nicholas II in 1917 but Grand Duke Michael his notional successor in 1918, effectively ending the Romanov royal line in whose name they were given, Kolchak's government maintained the issue of royal decorations and orders until the final collapse of the White Russian resistance in 1921, by which time Kolchak, perhaps their most capable military leader, had been made to resign.\nThis Badge is not named, but its provenance as part of a larger group tells us that it was awarded to 2nd Lieutenant John Mitchell, of the Royal Air Force contingent that served in South Russia in support of British forces embroiled in the unsuccessful defence of White Russia, with whose other medals Lester Watson acquired it. 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