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Glaisher"}],"component":[{"materials":[{"note":[{"value":"reddish-brown and black"}],"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107563","uid":"adlib-term-107563","uuid":"38dcd825-1de1-3222-82c6-15a95729b5ff"},"summary_title":"enamels"}},{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-132615","uid":"adlib-term-132615","uuid":"50475cf7-0163-3d56-a259-b8d1e8b82f44"},"summary_title":"underglaze black"}}],"name":"Decoration"}],"content":{"motifs":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-98112","uid":"adlib-term-98112","uuid":"32d115a4-d3ac-33b0-b126-2a3da0fdf139"},"summary_title":"portrait"}]},"department":{"value":"Applied Arts"},"description":[{"value":"White earthenware figure moulded in two parts with separately moulded right arm, and covered with a blue-tinged lead-glaze and painted with black and reddish brown enamels."},{"date":[{"earliest":2011,"latest":2011,"value":"2011-11-08"}],"value":"Wesley stands with his left hand at his breast and his right raised in blessing. The figure is well coloured, but with the head and hands unpainted, save for the lips, eyes and eyebrows. He wears a floor-length black robe, with white bands at his neck and a wide brown sash belt. The deeply-waisted square base is painted in marbled brown. The underside is open. The back is moulded and decorated."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.974-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.974-1928"},{"priref":"76481","type":"priref","value":"76481"},{"date":[{"earliest":1919,"latest":1919,"value":"1919"}],"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume: 22","type":"old object number","value":"4101"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76481","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76481"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Rectangular paper label, handwritten in black script:"}],"location":"inside base, on the back","method":"painted in black ink","transcription":[{"value":"No. 4101 Standing figure of John Wesley upon a streaky red base b. at Christies, Feb 11 1919\u2019"}],"type":"label"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr J.W.L.Glaisher Bequest"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. 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Methodism was thus strong amongst those who made Victorian Staffordshire figures, for whom John Wesley would have been one of the most important people of the preceding century."},{"value":"Rackham (1935) lists this figure as by an unidentified nineteenth century Staffordshire potter. Like most Staffordshire figures, it is unmarked, and there were many other, often smaller, manufacturers of figures working in Staffordshire at this time. Dr Glaisher also bequeathed a Rockingham porcelain figure of Wesley (C.3159-1928)  preaching, c.1825-42, which, though holding a book in its left hand, is very similar to this figure and perhaps helps to date it. Underglaze black has been identified on the figures of several preachers made in the 1840s. There are also other  Staffordshire religious figures modelled in a comparable pre-Victorian style which have been dated as late as 1851 (see, for example, C.995-1928)."},{"value":"The source of this figure may be a Minton design. The first Minton design book includes drawings of both Charles and John Wesley, in the same clerical dress as that worn by this figure. The drawing of John Wesley has similar hair and long face, and its hands are raised, though the pose is not quite the same as the figure (see Atterbury]."}],"periods":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-109672","uid":"adlib-term-109672","uuid":"a788e98b-c8a4-313c-9617-1a812228e864"},"summary_title":"19th Century, Mid"},{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-120127","uid":"adlib-term-120127","uuid":"ee2ddbd4-503c-30f5-8cf9-3c2d121bd315"},"summary_title":"Victoria I"}],"places":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107658","uid":"adlib-term-107658","uuid":"824d3ecf-92c1-33aa-8d45-2f0239317270"},"hierarchies":[[{"@link":{"type":"literal"},"name":[{"value":"England"}],"summary_title":"England","type":"country"},{"@link":{"type":"literal"},"name":[{"value":"Staffordshire"}],"summary_title":"Staffordshire","type":"region"}]],"summary_title":"Staffordshire"}]}]},"materials":[{"note":[{"value":"blue 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Painted in black and reddish-brown enamels. The underside is open. 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W. L. Glaisher"}],"content":{"motifs":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-98112","uid":"adlib-term-98112","uuid":"32d115a4-d3ac-33b0-b126-2a3da0fdf139"},"summary_title":"portrait"}]},"department":{"value":"Applied Arts"},"description":[{"value":"White earthenware figure moulded in three parts, perhaps with separately moulded head. The pearlware glaze is quite thick, with fine blue flecks. Not painted."},{"value":"The Claimant stands against a rough hewn wall; his left hand holds a bird and his right a shot-gun, the butt of which rests on the ground. The figure plain white. He wears a long jacket, a waistcoat, a watch chain, a shirt with bow tie, and a top hat. He has a trimmed beard. The oval base is concave and glazed and inscribed \u2018SIR R TICHBORNE\u2019 in raised capitals.  The back is moulded with a vent hole 13.5 cm from the bottom."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.999-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.999-1928"},{"priref":"76512","type":"priref","value":"76512"},{"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume.18","type":"old object number","value":"3711"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76512","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76512"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"\u2018SIR R TICHBORNE\u2019 in raised capitals"}],"location":"front of base","method":"moulding","transcription":[{"value":"SIR R TICHBORNE"}],"type":"title"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr J.W.L.Glaisher Bequest"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. W. L., Dr"}],"date":[{"earliest":1928,"latest":1928,"value":"1928"}],"method":{"value":"bequeathed"},"note":[{"value":"Entry date: 1928-12-07"}]}],"creation":[{"date":[{"earliest":1874,"era":["CE"],"latest":1874,"precision":"circa","value":"1874"}],"maker":[{"@link":{"qualifier":"perhaps","role":[{"value":"production"}],"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-187784","uid":"adlib-agent-187784","uuid":"5027cb9e-24f0-335d-9d5c-e0aefb240830"},"summary_title":"Sampson Smith"}],"note":[{"value":"According to Rackham (1935) the two figures come from the same mould. In fact, this figure is a full centimetre shorter and its body and base slightly thinner; moreover, the head of the other is slightly differently moulded, with a fatter face. The two figures are, however, identical in design. So, whilst they probably come from the same factory, they must come from different moulds."},{"value":"Arthur Orton (20 March 1834 \u2013 1 April 1898), was the celebrated Tichborne Claimant, who claimed to be Sir Roger Tichborne, the heir to a wealthy landed family and a baronetcy."},{"value":"Rackham lists this figure as made by Sampson Smith at Longton, a factory noted in contemporary directories as a \u2018manufacturer of figures in great variety\u2019, which began around 1851, and there is evidence to support this attribution. Firstly, it shares certain features with other figures that have been attributed to the factory: it is a large figure, supported by a stone wall; it is a simple three part moulding; and it has a plain oval base with title in raised gilt capitals. Secondly, this is one of two figures of Orton bequeathed to the Fitzwilliam collection by Dr Glaisher (see: C.999-1928). The other figure is one of eleven sparsely coloured  figures identified by Pugh as having been made with a brownish stain in the clay, which he attributes to Sampson Smith; he further notes that these figures may also be found without the stain and with a good bluish glaze (Pugh (1970), pp.14-15)."},{"value":"The figure shows the Claimant dressed as a fashionable man of substance, his claim to land and title indicated by the shotgun and bird. The image is recognisable from contemporaneous photographs and caricatures (which show that in life he was even more portly).  The case was a national sensation and newspapers published special editions with news of the latest events in the court, and he was therefore a likely choice of figure for which the Staffordshire potters would find a ready market. Noting the title, \u2018SIR R TICHBORNE\u2019, it is also possible the Claimant himself commissioned the figure, since he is known to have pressed his case in all manner of ways, including music hall appearances and public meetings."}],"periods":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-109672","uid":"adlib-term-109672","uuid":"a788e98b-c8a4-313c-9617-1a812228e864"},"summary_title":"19th Century, 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In 1854, she sailed with 38 nurses to the Crimean War. Her evidence on the parlous sanitary conditions there influenced the establishment of the first army medical college. The Nightingale School and Home for Nurses, the first secular nursing school in the world, was established in 1860."},{"value":"Nightingale\u2019s public profile was well established by the mid 1850s, when this figure was made. While she was in the Crimea, public meetings were held to recognise her work and raise funds for the training of nurses. She gained the nickname \u2018the Lady with the Lamp\u2019, and was the subject of many popular broadsides, poems and paintings."},{"value":"Rackham (1935) lists this figure as of a type made chiefly by Sampson Smith at Longton. Sampson Smith is listed in contemporary directories as a \u2018manufacturer of figures in great variety\u2019 and seems to have begun making figures around 1851.  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Painted with black, brown, orange-brown, grey, red, yellow, blue and flesh pink enamels, and gilt."},{"value":"The oval base is inscribed 'SIR R TICHBORNE' in raised, gilded capitals. The Claimant stands against a rough hewn wall; his left hand holds a bird and his right a shot-gun, the butt of which rests on the ground. The figure is mainly unpainted, with features picked out in enamels and gilt; there is a pink-brown tinge to the clay body. Orton wears: a long jacket with gilded edges to lapels, pockets and cuffs; a waistcoat decorated and edged in red; a gold watch chain; a shirt with gold buttons; a bow tie outlined in blue; black shoes; and a black top hat. He has brown hair and a trimmed beard. The bird is yellow, with black eye and beak, and grey wings. The shotgun has an orange-brown butt and grey barrel. The underside is concave and glazed. The back is moulded with a vent hole 14.5 cm from the bottom."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.1030-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.1030-1928"},{"priref":"71193","type":"priref","value":"71193"},{"date":[{"earliest":1909,"latest":1909,"value":"1909"}],"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume: 7; no: 2992","type":"old object number","value":"2992"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71193","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71193"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"inscribed \u2018SIR R TICHBORNE\u2019 in raised, gilded capitals"}],"location":"front of base","method":"moulding and gilding","transcription":[{"value":"SIR R TICHBORNE"}],"type":"title"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr J.W.L.Glaisher Bequest"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. 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Firstly, it shares certain features with other figures that have been attributed to the factory: it is a large figure, supported by a stone wall; it is a simple three part moulding; and it has a plain oval base with title in raised gilt capitals. Secondly, it is one of eleven sparsely coloured  figures identified by Pugh as having been made with a brownish stain in the clay, which he terms \u2018porridge school\u2019, which he attributes to Sampson Smith, on the basis of style and similarity to portrait figure moulds found in 1948. Pugh further notes that these figures may also be found without the stain and with a good bluish glaze (Pugh (1970), pp.14-15)."},{"value":"The figure shows the Claimant dressed as a fashionable man of substance, his claim to land and title indicated by the shotgun and bird. The image is recognisable from contemporaneous photographs and caricatures (which show that in life he was even more portly).  The case was a national sensation and newspapers published special editions with news of the latest events in the court, and he was therefore a likely choice of figure for which the Staffordshire potters would find a ready market. Noting the title, \u2018SIR R TICHBORNE\u2019, it is also possible the Claimant himself commissioned the figure, since he is known to have pressed his case in all manner of ways, including music hall appearances and public meetings."},{"value":"This is one of two figures of Orton bequeathed to the Fitzwilliam collection by Dr Glaisher, and according to Rackham (1935) they come from the same mould. However, this figure is a full centimetre taller and its body and base slightly wider, whilst the head of the other is differently moulded, with a thinner face. So, whilst the two figures are identical in design and probably come from the same factory, they must come from different moulds. The other figure is unpainted, without the brown stain in the clay, and with a stronger hint of blue in the glaze."}],"periods":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-109672","uid":"adlib-term-109672","uuid":"a788e98b-c8a4-313c-9617-1a812228e864"},"summary_title":"19th Century, Mid"},{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-15214","uid":"adlib-term-15214","uuid":"744af2c4-a2f2-37ad-bbf4-2cd00e91ed9b"},"summary_title":"Victorian"}],"places":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-110418","uid":"adlib-term-110418","uuid":"05d711c6-8b77-3dc8-801e-fbc4d8c52049"},"hierarchies":[[{"@link":{"type":"literal"},"name":[{"value":"England"}],"summary_title":"England","type":"country"}]],"summary_title":"Longton"}]}]},"materials":[{"note":[{"value":"a pink-brown tinge to the clay body"}],"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107611","uid":"adlib-term-107611","uuid":"790e5a19-a186-34d5-a16e-2d8dff9f6247"},"summary_title":"white 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Painted with black, brown, green, pink and orange-red enamels, and gilt."},{"value":"The oval base is squeezed to a thin rectangular shape at either end; a gilt line runs across the front, and above it a small ribbon is inscribed \u2018THE REDAN\u2019 in raised, gilded capitals. The top of the base is moulded to indicate a rocky outcrop, and painted brown; on the viewer\u2019s right is a flight of five white steps, edged in black. Above, the walls of the castle stand to either side of a round, central tower, which is in three tapering tiers edged with pink and green shards representing moss. The top of the tower is open. The building walls are brown, and are moulded to suggest blocks, castellation, and portholes for the mouths of cannon. The underside is concave and glazed. The back is shaped and part-moulded. There is a 5cm circular opening on top of the tower, forming a vase."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.1019-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.1019-1928"},{"priref":"71150","type":"priref","value":"71150"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71150","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71150"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"a smal, moulded ribbon is inscribed \u2018THE REDAN\u2019 in raised, gilded capitals"}],"location":"front of base","method":"moulded and painted in gilt","transcription":[{"value":"THE REDAN"}],"type":"title"},{"description":[{"value":"Rectangular paper label, handwritten in black script"}],"location":"underside of base","method":"handwritten in black ink","transcription":[{"value":"No. 3062 Staffordshire castle of The Redan (so marked in raised letters). Time of the Crimean War 1854-5 b. in London Oct 8, 1909. Came from Lincoln"}],"type":"label"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr. J.W.L. Glaisher Bequest, 1928"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. W. L., Dr"}],"date":[{"earliest":1928,"latest":1928,"value":"1928"}],"method":{"value":"bequeathed"},"note":[{"value":"Entry date: 1928-12-07"}]}],"creation":[{"date":[{"earliest":1855,"era":["CE"],"latest":1855,"precision":"circa","value":"1855"}],"maker":[{"@link":{"qualifier":"probably","role":[{"value":"production"}],"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-187784","uid":"adlib-agent-187784","uuid":"5027cb9e-24f0-335d-9d5c-e0aefb240830"},"summary_title":"Sampson Smith"}],"note":[{"value":"Rackham (1935) lists this figure as of a type made chiefly by Sampson Smith at Longton, a factory listed in contemporary directories as a \u2018manufacturer of figures in great variety\u2019, which began around 1851 and continued to make figures in quantity into the early part of the twentieth century. Moulds for a model of Sebastopol are among those that have been found at the Sampson Smith factory. According to Woolliscroft, that model of Sebastopol  is the one shown in Balston, which is a companion piece to this model of The Redan (and also Malakoff). It is therefore likely that this is a Sampson Smith model."},{"value":"The Crimean War (1854-56), in which France, England and Turkey formed an alliance against the Russian Empire, was a popular source for Staffordshire figures. The Redan was part of Sebastopol, a Russian fortress, which fell to the allies in September 1855, after a year-long siege. Staffordshire models were also made of the Sebastopol gateway and of the Malakoff outwork, the three forming a matched set."},{"value":"The open topped round tower may have been used as a spill-vase."},{"value":"The three models are generally found with a French tricolour flying from the top of the tower. Close examination of this one shows the beginning of some moulding for the flag pole, but the top of the tower is fully glazed. It thus appears that this model was made without a flag, or perhaps that it broke off at the biscuit firing stage."}],"periods":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-109672","uid":"adlib-term-109672","uuid":"a788e98b-c8a4-313c-9617-1a812228e864"},"summary_title":"19th Century, Mid"},{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-15214","uid":"adlib-term-15214","uuid":"744af2c4-a2f2-37ad-bbf4-2cd00e91ed9b"},"summary_title":"Victorian"}],"places":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107658","uid":"adlib-term-107658","uuid":"824d3ecf-92c1-33aa-8d45-2f0239317270"},"hierarchies":[[{"@link":{"type":"literal"},"name":[{"value":"England"}],"summary_title":"England","type":"country"}]],"summary_title":"Staffordshire"}]}]},"materials":[{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107611","uid":"adlib-term-107611","uuid":"790e5a19-a186-34d5-a16e-2d8dff9f6247"},"summary_title":"white 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Also shown are models of Sebastopol gateway and the Malakoff outwork.","page":"286","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"publication-3585","uid":"adlib-publication-3585","uuid":"784308ef-9535-3132-970c-45af8a273a64"},"summary_title":"Staffordshire Portrait Figures and Allied Subjects of the Victorian Era"},{"@link":{"notes":"Cf. Fig.3142: the same model, 8 \u00be in, but differently decorated and with a French flag flying above and to the right of the tower Also shown is a model of Malakoff.","page":"272","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"publication-7228","uid":"adlib-publication-7228","uuid":"a05323d5-1d04-3f02-a665-38fa11903b1a"},"summary_title":"Victorian Staffordshire Figures 1835-1875, Book Two: religious, hunters, pastoral, occupations, children & animals, dogs, animals, cottages & castles, sport & miscellaneous"},{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"publication-7294","uid":"adlib-publication-7294","uuid":"a2893bb2-7aa7-3a6e-95ab-99961cb71c2a"},"summary_title":"Sampson Smith, manufacturer of all kinds if figures in great variety: a celebration"},{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"publication-7217","uid":"adlib-publication-7217","uuid":"c1860f2b-473e-3562-a129-4344ff68ed22"},"summary_title":"Staffordshire Portrait Figures"}],"school_or_style":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-15214","uid":"adlib-term-15214","uuid":"744af2c4-a2f2-37ad-bbf4-2cd00e91ed9b"},"summary_title":"Victorian"}],"subjects":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-108082","uid":"adlib-term-108082","uuid":"1c5310ee-4d1a-3a9a-98b3-45edd40b2c0e"},"summary_title":"Crimean War"},{"@link":{"relation":"place name","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-108252","uid":"adlib-term-108252","uuid":"4d8e35c5-4e39-3311-ba3f-c9efb5318dd9"},"summary_title":"Sebastopol"},{"@link":{"type":"literal"},"name":[{"value":"Sebastopol"}],"summary_title":"Sebastopol"}],"summary":{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-132643","uid":"adlib-term-132643","uuid":"68a6c7c9-6dbc-3535-8fd0-b750baa7827c"},"summary_title":"model building"}},"summary_title":"model building","techniques":[{"description":[{"value":"White earthenware moulded in three parts, with small shards of clay added to decorate. Painted with black, brown, green, pink and orange-red enamels, and gilt. The underside is concave and glazed. The back is shaped and part-moulded. There is a 5cm circular opening on top of the tower, forming a vase."}],"note":[{"value":"in three parts, with small shards of clay added"}],"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-120085","uid":"adlib-term-120085","uuid":"68c62b7c-aaf4-38a5-a1be-4d6c615c0714"},"summary_title":"press-moulding"}},{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-120062","uid":"adlib-term-120062","uuid":"d05176fb-17b8-3888-bba1-6c5e6c77d206"},"summary_title":"lead-glazing"}}],"title":[{"value":"The Redan at Sebastapol"}],"type":{"base":"object","type":"OBJECT"}}},{"_index":"ciim","_type":"data","_id":"adlib-object-71184","_score":15.745127,"_source":{"admin":{"added":1592996598000,"created":1312637261000,"flag":"Standard Record","id":"object-71184","indexed":1755194540511,"modified":1714466020000,"processed":1755194515997,"source":"adlib","stream":"fitz-online","uid":"adlib-object-71184","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71184","uuid":"248eb553-4769-3d66-a048-67d0071f79f3","version":7},"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-154341","uid":"adlib-agent-154341","uuid":"82f991fc-11ca-3670-8683-b01c48c002b6"},"summary_title":"Bonaparte, Napol\u00e9on"},{"@link":{"relation":"person","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-153604","uid":"adlib-agent-153604","uuid":"2a0dc8d6-e3db-34c3-bc2f-f9c38362aaa2"},"summary_title":"Duke of Wellington"},{"@link":{"relation":"person","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-188447","uid":"adlib-agent-188447","uuid":"89fff16f-e158-340c-bc15-6025b361bed1"},"summary_title":"Wellesley, Arthur"}],"categories":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-108657","uid":"adlib-term-108657","uuid":"c170cd8e-fc63-3446-81a4-6682b5979808"},"summary_title":"lead-glazed earthenware"}],"collection":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-113184","uid":"adlib-term-113184","uuid":"25fc548d-d02f-39a6-a34f-d609393a0043"},"summary_title":"J. W. L. Glaisher"}],"component":[{"materials":[{"note":[{"value":"black, grey, red and flesh-pink"}],"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107563","uid":"adlib-term-107563","uuid":"38dcd825-1de1-3222-82c6-15a95729b5ff"},"summary_title":"enamels"}},{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-39593","uid":"adlib-term-39593","uuid":"e3e2a3f8-2433-3f63-9bcf-e776644d312d"},"summary_title":"gold"}}],"name":"Decoration","techniques":[{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-106226","uid":"adlib-term-106226","uuid":"194567f2-2bcd-3446-ae31-652386611815"},"summary_title":"painting"}},{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-28681","uid":"adlib-term-28681","uuid":"c1f659e2-1209-31cf-8ff4-154e11452559"},"summary_title":"gilding"}}]}],"content":{"motifs":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-98112","uid":"adlib-term-98112","uuid":"32d115a4-d3ac-33b0-b126-2a3da0fdf139"},"summary_title":"portrait"}]},"department":{"value":"Applied Arts"},"description":[{"value":"White earthenware moulded in several parts and pearlware glazed. Painted with black, grey, red and flesh-pink enamels, and gold."},{"value":"The Duke of Wellington, with grey hair and serious gaze suggesting the elder statesman, sits in a high-backed arm-chair, in relaxed but alert pose, with his left hand raised towards his head. His right hand rests on a hat, on his lap. His legs are crossed and his right foot rests on a cushion. He wears a jacket, waistcoat and bow tie, each edged and decorated with gilt; his shoes are black. His eyebrows are finely painted.  The figure is mainly white, with features picked out in enamels and gilt. The base is rectangular base and outlined in gilt. It has a scalloped bottom edge at the front, with  \u2018Wellington\u2019 inscribed in gilded script above.The underside is concave and glazed, with a round vent hole. The back is mainly flat, with vent hole 22.5cm from the bottom. There is no decoration to back or sides."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.1022-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.1022-1928"},{"priref":"71184","type":"priref","value":"71184"},{"date":[{"earliest":1910,"latest":1910,"value":"1910"}],"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume: 10","type":"old object number","value":"3421"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71184","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71184"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"gilt script inscription, \u2018Wellington\u2019"}],"location":"front of base","method":"painted in gilt","transcription":[{"value":"Wellington"}],"type":"title"},{"description":[{"value":"rectangular paper label handwritten in black ink"}],"location":"underside of base","method":"handwritten in black ink","transcription":[{"value":"Duke of Wellington [...] b. Philadelphia 23 April 1910"}],"type":"label"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr J.W.L.Glaisher Bequest"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. W. L., Dr"}],"date":[{"earliest":1928,"latest":1928,"value":"1928"}],"method":{"value":"bequeathed"},"note":[{"value":"Entry date: 1928-12-07"}]}],"creation":[{"date":[{"earliest":1850,"era":["CE"],"latest":1850,"precision":"circa","value":"1850"}],"maker":[{"@link":{"qualifier":"possibly Lloyd","role":[{"value":"production"}],"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-187914","uid":"adlib-agent-187914","uuid":"3ff8e302-3ac3-3560-9a60-800ee4445118"},"summary_title":"Unidentified factory"}],"note":[{"value":"Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington (1769-1852) was a British Field Marshall and elder statesman.. He is perhaps best known for his victory over the French, led by Napoleon, at Waterloo on 18 June 1815. From 1828-30 he was Prime Minister, and from 1834-1835 served as Foreign Secretary under Sir Robert Peel. Wellington died in his chair, at home in Walmer Castle, Kent and was given a state funeral at St Paul\u2019s Cathedral."},{"value":"Rackham (1935) lists this figure as of a type made chiefly by Sampson Smith at Longton. But it does not share features typically associated with the Samson Smith factory, which only began around 1851, and is more likely to have been made by one of the many other manufacturers of figures working in Staffordshire at this time. Although it is mainly unpainted, a version held by the Stoke on Trent Museum is well coloured, with underglaze blue jacket and with the chair-back and the top of the base painted in \u2018feathered\u2019 stripes , in pink and green respectively. This painting style is unusual, though has also been found on one or two other figures which may possibly have been made by John & Rebecca Lloyd, who made both earthenware and porcelain figures at Shelton, between 1834 and 1852."},{"value":"There are also similarities between the moulding and scale of this figure and that of the collection\u2019s other Victorian Staffordshire figure of Wellington (standing) (C.1001-1928), on which the purple trousers are painted in a similar \u2018feathered\u2019 stripe."},{"value":"Wellington is shown as an elder statesman in his chair, so the figure was probably made towards the end of his life (he died in 1852). 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The back is rounded, and the top half decorated."}],"note":[{"value":"in two parts"}],"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-120085","uid":"adlib-term-120085","uuid":"68c62b7c-aaf4-38a5-a1be-4d6c615c0714"},"summary_title":"press-moulding"}},{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-120062","uid":"adlib-term-120062","uuid":"d05176fb-17b8-3888-bba1-6c5e6c77d206"},"summary_title":"lead-glazing"}}],"title":[{"value":"Mr Punch"}],"type":{"base":"object","type":"OBJECT"}}},{"_index":"ciim","_type":"data","_id":"adlib-object-76509","_score":15.745127,"_source":{"admin":{"added":1592999684000,"created":1312637261000,"flag":"Standard Record","id":"object-76509","indexed":1755194542659,"modified":1714400635000,"processed":1755194515997,"source":"adlib","stream":"fitz-online","uid":"adlib-object-76509","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76509","uuid":"5537d66e-b2b8-3dde-970c-8af1e4af1fc3","version":7},"agents":[{"@link":{"relation":"institution","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-188398","uid":"adlib-agent-188398","uuid":"ad6d659c-f6d4-3788-9a7a-cf6e958c63a9"},"summary_title":"Catholic church"}],"categories":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-108657","uid":"adlib-term-108657","uuid":"c170cd8e-fc63-3446-81a4-6682b5979808"},"summary_title":"lead-glazed earthenware"}],"collection":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-113184","uid":"adlib-term-113184","uuid":"25fc548d-d02f-39a6-a34f-d609393a0043"},"summary_title":"J. W. L. Glaisher"}],"component":[{"materials":[{"note":[{"value":"black, brown, grey, red and flesh-pink"}],"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-107563","uid":"adlib-term-107563","uuid":"38dcd825-1de1-3222-82c6-15a95729b5ff"},"summary_title":"enamels"}},{"reference":{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-39593","uid":"adlib-term-39593","uuid":"e3e2a3f8-2433-3f63-9bcf-e776644d312d"},"summary_title":"gold"}}],"name":"Decoration"}],"content":{"motifs":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-98112","uid":"adlib-term-98112","uuid":"32d115a4-d3ac-33b0-b126-2a3da0fdf139"},"summary_title":"portrait"}]},"department":{"value":"Applied Arts"},"description":[{"value":"White earthenware figure moulded in three parts, with separately moulded hands and book. Painted in black, brown, grey, red and flesh-pink enamels, and gilt, and transfer printed."},{"value":"A bare-headed priest stands in dejected pose. He holds a chained book in his right hand, a scroll in his left, and his feet are chained. Behind him is a banner, swathed in chains. The figure is well coloured. The priest wears black clerical dress with white bands and a white cord around his waist. The book is brown; the chains are black and gilt; the scroll is outlined in gilt; and the banner has a flesh-pink pole. The priest\u2019s black hair has a combed pattern, his eyes are gilt and his eyebrows finely painted."},{"value":"The round base is deeply waisted, with additional shaping to the front. A gilt line runs across the top and bottom of the base, and a transferred title, \u2018POPERY.\u2019, sits between two short, horizontal, gilt lines. The banner and scroll are also transfer printed. The scroll reads: \u2018Either we must root out the Bible or the Bible will root us out. \u201cThe translators of the English Bible are to be abhorred to the depths of Hell\u201d. It would be better to be without God\u2019s law than without the Pope\u2019s\u2019. Dr. Troy. Arh Bishop of Dublin 1816\u2019."},{"value":"The banner reads: \u2018He that commiteth his conscience to the keeping of another is no longer a free man. Freedom of conscience and freedom of thought are essential to the freedom of a nation. Therefore a nation of Catholics is a nation of slaves\u2019."},{"value":"The underside is concave and glazed. The back is fully moulded and decorated, but without gilt."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.995-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.995-1928"},{"priref":"76509","type":"priref","value":"76509"},{"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume: 22","type":"old object number","value":"4102"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76509","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76509"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"a transferred title, \u2018POPERY.\u2019, sits between two short, horizontal, gilt lines"}],"location":"front of base","method":"transfer","transcription":[{"value":"POPERY"}],"type":"title"},{"description":[{"value":"Rectangular paper label, handwritten in black script: \u2018."}],"location":"underside of base","transcription":[{"value":"No.4102. Staffordshire figure of a standing priest, with a book in one hand and the other hand resting on a scroll inscribed \u2018POPERY\u2019 b. at Christies, Feb 11, 1919"}],"type":"label"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr J.W.L.Glaisher Bequest"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. W. L., Dr"}],"date":[{"earliest":1928,"latest":1928,"value":"1928"}],"method":{"value":"bequeathed"},"note":[{"value":"Entry date: 1928-12-07"}]}],"creation":[{"date":[{"earliest":1851,"era":["CE"],"latest":1851,"precision":"circa","value":"1851"}],"maker":[{"@link":{"qualifier":"perhaps","role":[{"value":"production"}],"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-188320","uid":"adlib-agent-188320","uuid":"71d1054a-1fbf-3ddd-b702-6f9284605a99"},"summary_title":"Parr, Thomas"}],"note":[{"value":"A mainly white and gilt figure of \u2018Protestantism\u2019 exists as a pair; this has a very similar base and transfer title and a Union Jack shield instead of the chains, whilst its two inscriptions include the words \u2018the open Bible is the Religion of Christians\u2019."},{"value":"Following Pugh (1970) and Balston (1958), it is possible that this pair, and three other anti-Catholic figures, were made by Thomas Parr of Burslem, whose factory operated from around 1847. The Parr factory is known to have used transfer titles and added quotations to its figures, and there are some similarities, such as the pre-Victorian style and the enamels used on the female figures\u2019 skirts, with  certain figures of Shakespearean characters that have been attributed to the Parr factory (in the \u2018Tallis\u2019 series)."},{"value":"\u2018Popery\u2019 is here depicted as a priest, with chained Bible and shackled to the Archbishop of Dublin\u2019s 1816 declaration against Protestantism. Despite the figure\u2019s pre-Victorian appearance, it is generally thought to have been made at the time of anti-Catholic protest caused by the Pope\u2019s granting of English territorial titles to Catholic Bishops, in 1851."}],"periods":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-109672","uid":"adlib-term-109672","uuid":"a788e98b-c8a4-313c-9617-1a812228e864"},"summary_title":"19th Century, 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Bought on 11 Feb1919   at Christies, lot 59 with a figure of John Wesley, for 3\u00bd guineas (\u00a33 ten shillings),  by Mr Stoner for Dr Glaisher, Trinity College, Cambridge. Dr Glaisher paid \u00a34 (including commission)."}],"owners":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"publications":[{"@link":{"notes":"Publ. Vol. l, p. 129, no. 995","page":"129","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"publication-1031","uid":"adlib-publication-1031","uuid":"a5cc6cb3-2b6f-390a-af51-7e9d123e55ed"},"summary_title":"Catalogue of the Glaisher Collection of Pottery and Porcelain in the Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge"},{"@link":{"notes":"Cf. Plate D2, Fig.3: a very similar figure, shown with a figure of \u2018Protestantism\u2019, and a figure group, \u2018\u00a310,000\u2019. 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Painted underglaze in cobalt blue and in black, green, orange, red and flesh-pink enamels, and gilt."},{"value":"Judy stands holding the baby in her left arm, her right hand resting on it. She has a pronounced upward pointing hump on her back and a pointed nose and chin. The figure is well coloured. She wears a blue jacket edged in gilt, with a ruff collar, a tall white hat and an orange and green check apron over a long orange skirt. Her hair is white and her teeth, bared in a menacing grin, are outlined in red. The baby wears a long white nightgown and cap, edged in gilt. The round base has a gilt line across the front and some radial marks on the top.The underside is open and glazed. The back is rounded, and partly decorated."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.872-1984","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.872-1984"},{"priref":"76264","type":"priref","value":"76264"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76264","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/76264"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Given by Mrs J.E.Campbell, from the collection of Col R.G.Turner, 1984"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-155987","uid":"adlib-agent-155987","uuid":"e436f445-fa38-38a0-bdfd-83e40b0508c9"},"summary_title":"Cameron, J.E., Mrs"}],"date":[{"earliest":1984,"latest":1984,"value":"1984"}],"method":{"value":"given"},"note":[{"value":"Entry date: 1984-10-22"}]}],"creation":[{"date":[{"earliest":1845,"from":{"earliest":1845,"era":["CE"],"latest":1845,"precision":"circa","value":"1845"},"latest":1865,"range":true,"to":{"earliest":1865,"era":["CE"],"latest":1865,"precision":"circa","value":"1865"}}],"maker":[{"@link":{"role":[{"value":"production"}],"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-187914","uid":"adlib-agent-187914","uuid":"3ff8e302-3ac3-3560-9a60-800ee4445118"},"summary_title":"Unidentified factory"}],"note":[{"value":"Punch and Judy is a traditional puppet show featuring the characters of Mr Punch and his wife, Judy. Derived from the Italian comedia del arte, the first records of Mr Punch in England date from c.1660. Originally a marionette performance, by Victorian times \u2018Punch and Judy\u2019 had become a popular glove-puppet show, performed from a portable booth by a single puppeteer. These shows travelled from town to town, and were particularly popular at the seaside. Punch is a hook-nosed, hump-backed figure whose high pitched, squeaky voice is produced through the use of a \u2018swazzle\u2019 or squeaker. The plots vary, but typically involve Punch attacking the other characters, who generally include his wife  Judy, their baby, a hungry crocodile and a policeman, with a truncheon and a string of sausages amongst the props."},{"value":"The use of underglaze blue and the partly moulded back on these figures suggests a date around c.1845-1865. 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Mr and Mrs Punch, pl. 3, nos. 525 & p. 34, lot 525, c. 845. Estimate \u00a3400-600.","page":"34","type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"publication-3590","uid":"adlib-publication-3590","uuid":"3b889e93-f8b1-3bf8-a85b-64baac42fbfd"},"summary_title":"British Ceramics, 10th October 1991"},{"@link":{"notes":"Cf. Fig.1021: a very similar 8 \u00bd inch figure of Judy and baby, though with different decoration and with the head at a different angle; also reference to a companion figure of  Mr Punch (not illustrated). And, p.279, Fig 1015: a very similar model of the punch and Judy booth in the Fitzwilliam collection, 8 \u00bd in, but differently decorated. 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Painted with black, blue, red, pink and flesh-pink enamels, and gilt."},{"date":[{"earliest":2011,"latest":2011,"value":"2011-11-08"}],"value":"Napoleon and Albert stand side by side, Albert' s right hand clasped in Napoleon' s left, and Napoleon's left hand resting on Albert's right shoulder. Between them is a low wall with a pile of shot at its base; on each side is a low pillar. Behind their heads are the crossed flags of France and Britain, the latter partially coloured in pink.The rectangular base has a chamfered edge to the front, on which 'Napoleon & Prince Albert'  is painted in gilt script. The figure group is mainly white, with coloured flags and features picked out in enamels and gilt.  Both figures wear military uniform and bicorne hats, which are decorated with touches of gilt; Albert carries a sword and his hat is plumed. Both figures have black shoes and wear finely painted moustaches and whiskers; Napoleon has a small beard. The underside is concave and glazed. The back is flat with rough marks in the clay and a vent hole 5cm from the bottom."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.1026-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.1026-1928"},{"priref":"71189","type":"priref","value":"71189"},{"date":[{"earliest":1909,"latest":1909,"value":"1909"}],"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume: 7; no: 3001","type":"old object number","value":"3001"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71189","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71189"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"\u2018Napoleon & Prince Albert\u2019 is painted in gilt script"}],"location":"front of base","method":"painted","transcription":[{"value":"Napoleon & Prince Albert"}],"type":"title"},{"description":[{"value":"Rectangular paper label handwritten in black ink"}],"location":"underside of base","method":"handwritten in black ink","transcription":[{"value":"No.3001. Staffordshire Group of Prince Albert and Napoleon III with English and French flags. Time of the Crimean War, 1854. b. in London May 20, 1909."}],"type":"label"}],"institutions":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-149638","uid":"adlib-agent-149638","uuid":"7376d833-d0a7-3be0-916e-9c892b7a24d8"},"summary_title":"The Fitzwilliam Museum"}],"legal":{"credit_line":"Dr J.W.L.Glaisher Bequest"},"lifecycle":{"acquisition":[{"agents":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"agent-152564","uid":"adlib-agent-152564","uuid":"c20df94d-f096-3e0b-a9b5-6ddd12161fb7"},"summary_title":"Glaisher, J. W. 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Given the Staffordshire potters\u2019 penchant for celebrating those who championed social reform, it perhaps also sought to recognise Albert\u2019s appointment as \u2018prince consort\u2019 in 1857."}],"periods":[{"@link":{"type":"reference"},"admin":{"id":"term-109672","uid":"adlib-term-109672","uuid":"a788e98b-c8a4-313c-9617-1a812228e864"},"summary_title":"19th Century, 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Painted underglaze in cobalt blue and with black, grey, brown, red, orange, green, yellow, pink and flesh-pink enamels, and gilt."},{"date":[{"earliest":2011,"latest":2011,"value":"2011-11-08"}],"value":"The French soldier, on the left, holds a tricolour flag in his right hand and a gun in his left, its butt resting on the ground. He wears: a cap with black peak: an orange jacket with two rows of black buttons, yellow epaulets, gilt edged cuffs and a black neckerchief; and crossed white belts with a gold buckle. The gun has a grey barrel and a brown butt. Beside him, the sailor holds a Union Jack flag, with pink extension. He wears: a gilt edged, open, blue jacket; a white shirt with gilt edged collar; a loosely tied black neckerchief; a black belt with gold buckle; and a wide brimmed yellow hat. The sailor has a beard; both wear black shoes. Between them is a flesh-pink wall, with four black-lined cannon mouths; at its base is a pile of shot, touched in black. The rectangular base is rounded to one end; a gilt line runs across its front. The group is well coloured. The figures stand on rough ground, which is painted in a combed pattern of brown and green. The underside is concave and glazed. The back is flat, with a vent hole 27cm from the bottom. There are four round holes in the centre front, 6,9,11.5 and 14cm from the bottom."}],"identifier":[{"accession_number":"C.1009-1928","primary":true,"type":"accession number","value":"C.1009-1928"},{"priref":"71130","type":"priref","value":"71130"},{"date":[{"earliest":1909,"latest":1909,"value":"1909"}],"source":"Glaisher MS catalogue, Volume:  8","type":"old object number","value":"3063"},{"type":"uri","uri":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71130","value":"https:\/\/data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk\/id\/object\/71130"}],"inscription":[{"description":[{"value":"Rectangular paper label, handwritten in black script"}],"location":"underside of base","method":"handwritten in black ink","transcription":[{"value":"No.3063 Staffordshire group of and English sailor and a French soldier standing side by side. 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The existence of both these groups in different mouldings, including the French soldier and the English sailor as single figures, indicates that they sold well."},{"value":"Woolliscroft (1976) lists this figure as attributed to Sampson Smith, at Longton, a factory listed in contemporary directories as a \u2018manufacturer of figures in great variety\u2019, which began around 1851 and continued to make figures in quantity into the early part of the twentieth century. Rackham (1935) also identifies the group as of a type made chiefly by Sampson Smith. 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